By Charles Halton on Thursday, 21 June 2007 at 5:57 am
The New York Times ran a wonderful story a few days ago about the Kingdom of Kush that ruled parts of the Nile Valley during the second millennium. Here is an intriguing statement:
How could a fairly complex state society exist without a writing system, an extensive bureaucracy or major urban centers, none of which Kush evidently had?
A good question indeed. Although I am by no means a Kushite scholar, I find it hard to believe that the Kushites didn’t write. They probably wrote on perishable materials that have for the most part disappeared. A similar phenomenon happened in Mesopotamia as Luwian was often written on wood while scribes wrote Hittite on more durable materials. Needless to say, we don’t have a whole lot of Luwian writing left.
Here are some aspects of Kushite society that make it hard to believe that they could administer their society without writing:
- Kushites controlled or influenced a 750-mile stretch of the Nile Valley.
- Kush had an extensive gold trade that made it quite wealthy.
- City of Kerma controlled gold mines 250-miles away.
- Production of complex ceramics.
How does someone control a gold mine 250-miles away with no writing? I suppose it is possible, but anything is possible. If find the theory that Kush had no writing very improbable. What do you think?
Comments (7)
Category: All,Ancient Egypt,History of the ANE,In the News
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Comment by Jim Getz
Made Thursday, 21 of June , 2007 at 9:50 am
Charles, I read the same story and thought along very similar line. If the Cushites didn’t have a penchant for lapidary inscriptions, why would we expect to find evidence of their writing?
When I think of how many clay bullae have we found in Mesopotamia that had affixed Aramaic scrolls, or your example of Luwian written on wood (which I hadn’t heard before, thanks) it makes your remember how we truly are left with the accidents of history and the fortunes of the spade.
Comment by jake.mccarty
Made Thursday, 21 of June , 2007 at 11:23 am
Meroitic.
Comment by Charles Halton
Made Thursday, 21 of June , 2007 at 11:16 pm
Glad I have two amens. Jim, you bring up another good analogue.
Comment by Adam McCollum
Made Monday, 25 of June , 2007 at 5:44 pm
Charles, like Jim I had not heard of Luwian being written on wood. Would you mind letting us know where you came across that bit of information? Perhaps Melchert has said it somehwere? Thanks!
Comment by Charles Halton
Made Monday, 25 of June , 2007 at 8:49 pm
I heard it from an HUC grad who studied Hittite with Matitiahu Tsevat. I don’t have any print reference so I don’t know how reliable that info was. But, the person said that the scribes wrote important stuff in Hittite upon durable materials while Luwian was used for less important stuff and written on perishable materials including wood…
Comment by jake mccarty
Made Wednesday, 27 of June , 2007 at 10:43 pm
Interesting analogies, but I don’t think they are necessary in this case. Meroitic is a known language. One of my classmates works on it–he’s one of the few in the world.
I skimmed the article, and perhaps I missing something major, but I thought that the height of Nubian expansion was during the 3rd Intermediate Period? Under our pal Pianky.
Charles, on another note that may be impetus for later discussion, but do you feel comfortable with the phrase Bible and
ancient Near East? See T. Lewis’ discussion in his intro to Albright’s recent release with WJK.
Comment by Charles Halton
Made Thursday, 28 of June , 2007 at 8:23 pm
I’ll check Lewis’ statement, thanks for the reference.