Charles Halton

Free Downloads: Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie

Thanks to Duane Smith I found out that the latest edition of ZA (Dec 2007) is online and all the articles are available as free downloads (all links are to the pdf’s that provide links to referenced articles that are available online). All the articles look really interesting; here they are:

by Wolfgang Schulze, Walther Sallaberger

The present article discusses the foundations of Sumerian morphosyntax in the light of a strongly typological, and – in parts – cognitive perspective…We will argue that the Sumerian constructional patterns have started from a dichotomic way of distinguishing center and periphery in an ergative way. This constructional pattern had a ‘syntactic’ value, as it allowed diathesis in order to encode a non-punctional, durative aspect. This aspect construction showed up as an antipassive that later became grammaticalized as an expression of non-past constructions. This ‘tense-split’, typical for a number of adjacent linguistic areas, ended up in the grammaticalization of the antipassive as an accusative construction (‘marû-construction’), whereas the past domain remained strongly ergative (‘-construction’). The accusative pattern then again allowed a diathesis which now was a passive in nature.

by Piotr Steinkeller

An examination of the data pertaining to the Å imaÅ¡kian Yabrat (Ebarat) reveals that this Iranian ruler controlled, during the later phase of the Ur III period, a powerful state in central Iran. It appears that Yabrat’s influence extended to the neighboring state of AnÅ¡an, which may even have been his political dependency. A close and dependent ally of the House of Ur until the reign of Ibbi-Suen, Yabrat subsequently became a major threat to Babylonia. The article seeks to reconstruct the history of the interactions between Yabrat and the Ur III state, and to provide an improved understanding of Å imaÅ¡ki as a political and geographic phenomenon. The question of the historicity of the so-called “ŠimaÅ¡- kian King List” is also considered.

by Yoram Cohen

This article presents editions of KBo. 36, 47 and KBo. 42, 116, both fragments of Akkadian omens found in Hattuša. KBo. 42, 116 is identified as a fragment of šumma immeru omens. KBo. 36, 47 obverse is demonstrated to be an Akkadian šumma immeru omen text almost identical to the Emar šumma immeru recension. Its reverse is proven to be an Akkadian recension of šumma ālu omens that can be identified with Tablet 41 of the canonical šumma ālu series. This invites us to discuss the textual history of these omen genres and their transmission to the so-called Western Periphery.

by Kathleen Abraham, Jacob Klein

A new ‘barrel cylinder’ fragment of Sargon II, from an unknown provenance, is published herein. The fragment yields a summary report of events from Sargon’s reign up to his eleventh palû, in a geographical rather than in a chronological order. The 14 preserved lines are written in a NB ductus, closely resembling and partly overlapping those of the barrel cylinder fragment ND 3411 from Nimrud. The text of the new fragment is reconstructed and studied here with the help of the corresponding lines in the above Nimrud fragment, the Khorsabad cylinders and a cylinder fragment from Nineveh (K 1660).

by Aage Westenholz

In this article, collations of the 13 Graeco-Babyloniaca texts presently in the British Museum, as well as photographs of nine of these, are offered; the cultural Sitz im Leben of the Graeco-Babyloniaca is examined; a phonological analysis of Akkadian and Sumerian in Greek transcription is attempted; and M. Geller’s thesis of a survival of the cuneiform tradition into the third century A. D. is critically discussed. Thus, the debate about these texts in this journal is continued.

Charles Halton

Wiki Bible Translation

I stumbled upon yet another misguided Bible translation.  This time instead of one lonely person with their Strong’s concordance in hand, the WikiProject Wiki Bible opens their doors to anyone with a keyboard.

Not to be elitist, but not everyone should have a hand in translating ancient texts, not even everyone who claims to “know” the language(s).  Translation is a very complicated and challenging process, especially when translating something as emotionally charged as the Bible.  Furthermore, religious/ideological commitments are bound to come into play.  What’s going to happen when several “editors” of the Wiki Bible say, from Pentecostal, Mormon, Presbyterian, Baha’i, secular, and Islamic backgrounds, have a tug of war match back and forth as they take turns altering the text?

Apart from the faulty general premise, the first sign of trouble appears in their appeal for help:

This is a work in progress. Everyone is welcome.

If you know Greek or Hebrew, claim a chapter!

News flash to the WikiProject: the Bible also contains substantial portions of Aramaic.  If you don’t know this, you might not be the best person to instigate a translation.

Charles Halton

From Yahweh to Politicians

It irks me a bit when people, particularly politicians or social activists, lift phrases and imagery from the Bible and exploit it for their own purposes.  Winston Churchill did this quite often and this practice seems to be on the rise of late.

The temptation to fuse biblical wording with one’s own agenda is quite alluring–a person can call up the emotional associations of biblical passages and combine them with a certain political agenda (which may or may not be harmonious with the particular biblical text).  Ideology with a religious-like emotional fervor is the mother-lode of politics.

At a symposium upon the “prophetic movement” and the legacy of Abraham Joshua Heschel (who briefly taught at HUC) at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York, Cornell West and Susannah Heschel, Abraham Joshua’s daughter and Dartmouth professor, integrated Barak Obama into the presentation.  Here is a selection from the Wall Street Journal:

The recent evening’s discussion of Heschel’s legacy gravitated, over and over, to the subject of Barack Obama. First Ms. Heschel and Mr. West brought up the presidential candidate and then the audience did. “He’s a gift to this country,” Ms. Heschel said, to great applause. It was as if everyone in the room were intoxicated with the idea that a politician could embody the prophetic. As she explained: “Today, there is a yearning for redemption. We want to be redeemed from cynicism and corruption. We want our politicians to turn swords into plowshares.”

Professor Heschel surely knows her Tanak well enough to realize that the verse from Micah 4 that she alludes to is focused upon Yahweh and the restoration that he will bring.  However, she lifts the Yahweh ordained escatological vision of peace from Micah and then fuses it with modern politics.  Are modern politicians Yahweh?  Most certainly not.  However, she rearranged biblical imagery and urged the crowd to seek redemption and ultimate restoration and peace from presidential hopefuls.

If politicians and social activists want to use biblical imagery and phraseology (however, I would rather they not) may they spend a bit more time to properly understand and employ the texts instead of hijacking them for their own predetermined ends.  Furthermore, it might be wise to avoid putting yourself or your favorite politician of the moment into the place of Yahweh.  Sometimes the most politically expedient path is not the most sagacious one.

Charles Halton

What Will Globalization Do to Language?

Language contact plays a very important part in the study of ancient languages.  However, modern technology has brought languages together like no other time in history.  What will this do to modern languages?  That is the question that the Freakonomics blog put to a UN translator, the president of a social networking site for English language learners, and a linguistics professor at Penn.  Pretty interesting stuff.

Charles Halton

Free Downloads: Bulletin for Biblical Research Articles

Many of the articles published in BBR are available free for download.  Here are a few that interest me:

Block, Daniel I. “Beyond the Grave: Ezekiel’s Vision of Death and Afterlife.” BBR 2 (1992): 113-142.

Collins, John J. “The Background of the ‘Son of God’ Text.” BBR 7 (1997): 51-62.

Cook, Edward M. “4Q26.” BBR 5 (1995): 43-66.

Gordon, Robert P. “Where Have All the Prophets Gone? The ‘Disappearing’ Israelite Prophet against the Background of Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy.” BBR 5 (1995): 67-86.

Rooker, Mark F. “Diachronic Analysis and the Features of Late Biblical Hebrew.” BBR 4 (1994): 135-44.

Walton, John H. “The Mesopootamian Background of the Tower of Babel Account and Its Implications.” BBR 5 (1995): 155-76.

Williamson, H. G. M. “Ezra and Nehemiah in the Light of the Texts from Persepolis.” BBR 1 (1991): 41-62.

Wolters, Al. “Belsahazzar’s Feast and the Cult of the Moon.” BBR 5 (1995): 199-206.

Wolters, Al. “Cross-Gender Imagery in the Bible.” BBR 8 (1998): 217-28.

Charles Halton

What Does Publishing Look Like?

Academics do really work, I promise.

On the Chronicle of Higher Education’s site there is an amusing article about what the publishing process–or at least the process of generating a publishable idea–looks like to non-academic folks.  Here is a good quote:

Experience tells me that sometimes it looks like playing Spider Solitaire. Or twirling one’s hair, talking to oneself, or sitting stock still and staring into space.

Charles Halton

The Strong’s Concordance Bible Translation

As I see it, there are not many downsides of the fields of Bible and ancient Near East, however, they are a magnet for really crazy ideas and products (everyone knows of the crazies that come out of the woodwork when you talk about the Bible, but if you’ve done any Google searches on “sumerian” or other ANE terms it’s not long before you find stuff on bizarre cults and ufo abductions).

Claude Mariottini had an interesting looking post about a new Bible translation, the Ancient Roots Translinear Bible. So, I followed the links and here is a snippet from the translation site:

The ARTB restores hundreds of specialty ancient words missing from other versions. Each English word matches a unique Hebrew root and the Strong’s number 99+% of the time. The text format even captures the double word use unique to biblical Hebrew.

Basically, the person (yes that word in in the singular) who produced this translation dusted off his/her (is Frances a guy or girl?) Strong’s concordance and matched up every Hebrew/Aramaic root in Strong’s with its supposed English equivalent.

As all of my students know very well, Strong’s concordance is useful for two things: a door stop and providing my printer with recycled paper (every time the students want to get my blood pressure up they tell me that they arrived at a definition for their translations by looking at Strong’s).

I could go on for quite a while about the myriad of fallacies that lie behind this “translation” but I think already I’ve tipped my hand at what I think of it.

Charles Halton

Yoram Cohen’s Review of Cuneiform in Canaan

Yoram Cohen has a very helpful review of Cuneiform in Canaan in the February 2008 issue of BASOR (pages 83-86). Not only does he provide his own corrected and supplied readings to many of the texts included in the book, but he also gives his own views on the existence of scribal schools in ancient Canaan. Here are some juicy quotes:

In spite of the authors’ measured skepticism (p. 13), there is little doubt that within the city walls [MB Hazor] a scribal school for cuneiform flourished. Even if not exactly contemporary, the finds speak for themselves: the mathematical prism (Hazor 9) was an educational tool that taught the student how to deal with multiples; the fragment of the lexical list HAR-ra=hubullu, or Urra (Hazor 6) was a part of the training in the cuneiform writing system; and the inscribed liver models (Hazor 2-3), while primarily meant to assist the diviner in their profession, were products of the Mesopotamian world of learning…The lexical fragments from Late Bronze Age Aphek (nos. 1 and 3) and Ashqelon (no. 1) can be taken as evidence of similar schooling institutions, as can the celebrated Gilgamesh Epic fragment from Megiddo (no. 1).1

Isolated finds from elsewhere–Beth Shean, Gezer, Hebron, Jericho, and Shechem–complete the picture by showing how widespread writing in cuneiform was at this period. Even if concrete proof of schooling activities is lacking, it is obvious that the faculty of writing was transmitted to these places by some means and put into practical purposes, as the letters, administrative documents, and inscribed personal seals demonstrate.2

Even though there are some mistakes in the book–such as photos reproduced upside down and backwards, and I have a some slightly different readings on a couple of the texts that I have collated from high-res photos–this is a really great volume that I recommend. It’s greatest contribution is rounding up all the texts and major bibliography into one handy volume:

Cuneiform in Canaan

Cuneiform in Canaan
Cuneiform Sources from the Land of Israel in Ancient Times

by Wayne Horowitz, Takayoshi Oshima, and Seth Sanders
Israel Exploration Society, 2006
239 pages, 171 illustrations, English
Cloth, 17 x 27 cm
ISBN: 9652210625
Your Price: $56.00
www.eisenbrauns.com/wconnect/wc.dll?ebGate~EIS~~I~HORCUNEIF


  1. Page 83. [back]
  2. Page 84. [back]
Charles Halton

Open Education on Education in the Netherlands

I wrote a post a bit ago about some aspects of the Finnish education system that a contributor to the Wall Street Journal highlighted. The Finnish approach has been studied fairly extensively since high school students perennially perform well in international testing, however, so do Dutch students. Open Education has a four-part series of posts that are worth checking out concerning education in the Netherlands:

Education in the Netherlands: Another High Performing Country

Education in the Netherlands: Testing, Tracking and Results

Dutch Secondary School Options: A Model for the US?

The Netherlands: A Proper Emphasis on Vocational Education